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What Happened to the Ark of the Covenant?

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In Biblical accounts, the chest containing the two stone tablets of the Ten Commandments

Moses and Joshua bowing before the Ark (c. 1900) past James Tissot

The Ark of the Covenant (Hebrew: אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית ʾĂrōn haBrīṯ ; Koinē Greek: Κιβωτὸς τῆς Διαθήκης, romanized: Kibōtòs tês Diathḗkēs , Ge'ez: ታቦት tābōt , also known as the Ark of the Testimony, or the Ark of God)[1] [2] is the most sacred relic of the Israelites. It consisted of a pure gold-covered wooden chest with an elaborate chapeau called the Mercy seat. The Ark is described in the Book of Exodus equally containing the two rock tablets of the Ten Commandments. According to New Testament Book of Hebrews, it besides contained Aaron'due south rod and a pot of manna.[3]

The biblical account relates that, approximately 1 year afterwards the Israelites' exodus from Egypt, the Ark was created according to the blueprint given to Moses past God when the Israelites were encamped at the pes of Mount Sinai. Thereafter, the golden-plated acacia chest was carried by its staves by the Levites approximately 2,000 cubits (approximately 800 meters or two,600 feet) in accelerate of the people when on the march or before the Israelite army, the host of fighting men.[4] God spoke with Moses "from between the ii cherubim" on the Ark's cover.[5]

Biblical account [edit]

The covered ark and 7 priests with rams' horns, at the Battle of Jericho, in an 18th-century artist'due south depiction.

Construction and description [edit]

According to the Book of Exodus, God instructed Moses to build the Ark during his 40-twenty-four hour period stay upon Mountain Sinai.[6] [7] He was shown the design for the tabernacle and effects of the Ark, and told that it would be made of shittim forest (also known as acacia wood)[8] to house the Tablets of Stone.[9] Moses instructed Bezalel and Aholiab to construct the Ark.[10] [eleven] [12]

The Volume of Exodus gives detailed instructions on how the Ark is to be constructed.[13] It is to be ii 1⁄2 cubits in length, 1 1⁄2 in breadth, and ane 1⁄2 in height (approximately 131×79×79 cm or 52×31×31 in) of acacia wood. And so it is to exist aureate entirely with golden, and a crown or molding of gilded is to exist put around it. Four rings of aureate are to be fastened to its iv corners, 2 on each side—and through these rings staves of shittim wood overlaid with gold for carrying the Ark are to exist inserted; and these are not to exist removed.[14] A gilded lid, the kapporet (translated as "mercy seat" or "cover"), which is ornamented with two gold cherubim, is to be placed above the Ark. Missing from the account are instructions concerning the thickness of the mercy seat and details about the cherubim other than that the cover be beaten out the ends of the Ark and that they form the space where God will appear. The Ark is finally to be placed nether a veil to conceal it.

Mobile vanguard [edit]

Joshua passing the River Jordan with the Ark of the Covenant by Benjamin West, 1800

The biblical business relationship continues that, later its creation past Moses, the Ark was carried by the Israelites during their xl years of wandering in the desert. Whenever the Israelites camped, the Ark was placed in a separate room in a sacred tent, chosen the Tabernacle.

When the Israelites, led by Joshua toward the Promised State, arrived at the banks of the River Jordan, the Ark was carried in the pb, preceding the people, and was the point for their accelerate.[fifteen] [16] During the crossing, the river grew dry out as soon as the feet of the priests conveying the Ark touched its waters, and remained so until the priests—with the Ark—left the river after the people had passed over.[17] [18] [19] [20] Equally memorials, twelve stones were taken from the Jordan at the place where the priests had stood.[21]

During the Battle of Jericho, the Ark was carried effectually the city in one case a day for six days, preceded past the armed men and seven priests sounding seven trumpets of rams' horns.[22] On the seventh twenty-four hour period, the 7 priests sounding the vii trumpets of rams' horns before the Ark compassed the city 7 times and, with a cracking shout, Jericho'due south wall roughshod downward flat and the people took the city.[23]

After the defeat at Ai, Joshua lamented before the Ark.[24] When Joshua read the Law to the people between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal, they stood on each side of the Ark. We next hear of the Ark in Bethel,[a] where it was being cared for past the priest Phinehas, the grandson of Aaron.[25] According to this verse, information technology was consulted by the people of Israel when they were planning to attack the Benjaminites at the Battle of Gibeah. Later the Ark was kept at Shiloh, another religious centre some xvi km (10 mi) north of Bethel, at the fourth dimension of the prophet Samuel's apprenticeship,[26] where it was cared for by Hophni and Phinehas, 2 sons of Eli.[27]

Capture past the Philistines [edit]

1728 illustration of the Ark at the erection of the Tabernacle and the sacred vessels, as in Exodus 40:17-xix

Co-ordinate to the biblical narrative, a few years afterwards the elders of State of israel decided to have the Ark out onto the battlefield to assist them confronting the Philistines, having recently been defeated at the battle of Eben-Ezer.[28] They were again heavily defeated, with the loss of 30,000 men. The Ark was captured by the Philistines and Hophni and Phinehas were killed. The news of its capture was at once taken to Shiloh by a messenger "with his clothes rent, and with earth upon his caput". The old priest, Eli, fell dead when he heard it; and his daughter-in-law, bearing a son at the time the news of the Ark'south capture was received, named him Ichabod—explained as "The celebrity has departed Israel" in reference to the loss of the Ark.[29] Ichabod's female parent died at his birth.[xxx]

The Philistines took the Ark to several places in their country, and at each place misfortune befell them.[31] At Ashdod it was placed in the temple of Dagon. The adjacent morning time Dagon was plant prostrate, bowed down, earlier information technology; and on being restored to his place, he was on the following morning again found prostrate and broken. The people of Ashdod were smitten with tumors; a plague of rodents was sent over the land. This may accept been the bubonic plague.[32] [33] [34] The illness of tumours was as well visited upon the people of Gath and of Ekron, whither the Ark was successively removed.[35]

Return of the Ark to the Israelites [edit]

After the Ark had been among them for vii months, the Philistines, on the advice of their diviners, returned it to the Israelites, accompanying its render with an offer consisting of golden images of the tumors and mice wherewith they had been afflicted. The Ark was set up upwards in the field of Joshua the Beth-shemite, and the Beth-shemites offered sacrifices and burnt offerings.[36] Out of marvel the men of Beth-shemesh gazed at the Ark; and equally a penalization, seventy of them (fifty g and seventy in some translations) were smitten by the Lord.[37] The Bethshemites sent to Kirjath-jearim, or Baal-Judah, to have the Ark removed;[38] and information technology was taken to the house of Abinadab, whose son Eleazar was sanctified to keep it. Kirjath-jearim remained the abode of the Ark for twenty years.[39] Under Saul, the Ark was with the army earlier he first met the Philistines, merely the king was too impatient to consult it earlier engaging in boxing. In ane Chronicles 13:iii it is stated that the people were not accepted to consulting the Ark in the days of Saul.[40]

In the days of Rex David [edit]

Illustration from the 13th-century Morgan Bible of David bringing the Ark into Jerusalem (2 Samuel 6)

In the biblical narrative, at the start of his reign over the United Monarchy, Male monarch David removed the Ark from Kirjath-jearim amongst nifty rejoicing. On the fashion to Zion, Uzzah, one of the drivers of the cart that carried the Ark, put out his hand to steady the Ark, and was struck dead by God for touching it. The identify was afterwards named "Perez-Uzzah", literally "Outburst Confronting Uzzah",[41] as a consequence. David, in fearfulness, carried the Ark aside into the house of Obed-edom the Gittite, instead of carrying it on to Zion, and it stayed there for three months.[42] [43]

On hearing that God had blest Obed-edom considering of the presence of the Ark in his house, David had the Ark brought to Zion by the Levites, while he himself, "girded with a linen ephod ... danced before the Lord with all his might" and in the sight of all the public gathered in Jerusalem, a functioning which caused him to be scornfully rebuked by his first wife, Saul's daughter Michal.[44] [45] [46] In Zion, David put the Ark in the tent he had prepared for it, offered sacrifices, distributed nutrient, and blest the people and his own household.[47] [48] [49] David used the tent as a personal place of prayer.[50] [51]

The Levites were appointed to government minister before the Ark.[52] David's plan of building a temple for the Ark was stopped on the advice of the prophet Nathan.[53] [54] [55] [56] The Ark was with the army during the siege of Rabbah;[57] and when David fled from Jerusalem at the fourth dimension of Absalom's conspiracy, the Ark was carried along with him until he ordered Zadok the priest to render it to Jerusalem.[58]

David gave his son Solomon the plans for building the Temple. He designated the weight of the gold and argent to be used in building and furnishing the inner sanctuary.[59] [60] According to the historian Flavius Josephus, 300 talents (virtually eight tons) of gold were dedicated by David for Solomon'south apply in the inner sanctuary.[61]

The Copper Whorl (actually made of bronze), plant in a Dead Body of water cavern in 1952, lists 300 talents of gilt as being hidden underground on the due west side of a pool in the "valley of purity."[62]

In Solomon's Temple [edit]

According to the Biblical narrative, when Abiathar was dismissed from the priesthood by Male monarch Solomon for having taken part in Adonijah's conspiracy against David, his life was spared because he had formerly borne the Ark.[63] Solomon worshipped before the Ark subsequently his dream in which God promised him wisdom.[64]

During the construction of Solomon'southward Temple, a special inner room, named Kodesh Hakodashim (Eng. Holy of Holies), was prepared to receive and house the Ark;[65] and when the Temple was dedicated, the Ark—containing the original tablets of the Ten Commandments—was placed therein.[66] When the priests emerged from the holy place after placing the Ark there, the Temple was filled with a cloud, "for the glory of the Lord had filled the house of the Lord".[67] [68] [69]

When Solomon married Pharaoh's girl, he caused her to dwell in a house outside Zion, as Zion was consecrated considering it contained the Ark.[70] King Josiah also had the Ark returned to the Temple,[71] from which it appears to accept been removed past one of his predecessors (cf. 2 Chron. 33-34 and two Kings 21–23).

In the days of King Hezekiah [edit]

Male monarch Hezekiah is the concluding biblical figure mentioned equally having seen the Ark.[72] [73] Hezekiah is besides known for protecting Jerusalem against the Assyrian Empire past improving the city walls and diverting the waters of the Gihon Spring through a tunnel known today as Hezekiah's Tunnel, which channeled the water inside the urban center walls to the Puddle of Siloam.[74]

In a noncanonical text known as the Treatise of the Vessels, Hezekiah is identified equally i of the kings who had the Ark and the other treasures of Solomon'due south Temple hidden during a fourth dimension of crisis. This text lists the following hiding places, which information technology says were recorded on a statuary tablet: (1) a spring named Kohel or Kahal with pure water in a valley with a stopped-upward gate; (2) a spring named Kotel (or "wall" in Hebrew); (3) a jump named Zedekiah; (four) an unidentified cistern; (five) Mount Carmel; and (6) locations in Babylon.[75]

To many scholars, Hezekiah is besides credited as having written all or some of the Book of Kohelet (Ecclesiastes in the Christian tradition), in particular the famously enigmatic epilogue.[76] Notably, the epilogue appears to refer to the Ark story with references to almond blossoms (i.due east., Aaron'south rod), locusts, silver, and gilded. The epilogue then cryptically refers to a pitcher broken at a fountain and a wheel broken at a cistern.[77]

Although scholars disagree on whether the Pool of Siloam's pure leap waters were used by pilgrims for ritual purification, many scholars concord that a stepped pilgrimage road between the pool and the Temple had been built in the first century CE.[78] This roadway has been partially excavated, but the west side of the Puddle of Siloam remains unexcavated.[79]

The Babylonian Conquest and aftermath [edit]

In 587 BC, the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and Solomon's Temple. There is no record of what became of the Ark in the Books of Kings and Chronicles. An ancient Greek version of the biblical third Book of Ezra, 1 Esdras, suggests that Babylonians took away the vessels of the ark of God, but does non mention taking away the Ark:[80]

And they took all the holy vessels of the Lord, both nifty and small, with the vessels of the ark of God, and the king's treasures, and carried them away into Babylon

In Rabbinic literature, the final disposition of the Ark is disputed. Some rabbis hold that it must take been carried off to Babylon, while others hold that it must accept been subconscious lest information technology be carried off into Babylon and never brought back.[81] A tardily 2nd-century rabbinic work known every bit the Tosefta states the opinions of these rabbis that Josiah, the king of Judah, stored away the Ark, along with the jar of manna, and a jar containing the holy anointing oil, the rod of Aaron which budded and a chest given to State of israel by the Philistines.[82] This was said to take been done in club to preclude their being carried off into Babylon as had already happened to the other vessels. Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Shimon, in the same rabbinic work, land that the Ark was, in fact, taken into Babylon. Rabbi Yehudah, dissenting, says that the Ark was stored away in its own place, pregnant somewhere on the Temple Mount.

Service of the Kohathites [edit]

The Kohathites were one of the Levite houses from the Book of Numbers. Theirs was the responsibility to care for "the about holy things" in the tabernacle. When the campsite, so wandering the Wilderness, set out the Kohathites would enter the tabernacle with Aaron and comprehend the ark with the screening curtain and "then they shall put on it a roofing of fine leather, and spread over that a textile all of blue, and shall put its poles in place." The ark was 1 of the items of the tent of coming together that the Kohathites were responsible for carrying.[83]

Archeology [edit]

Archaeological evidence shows strong cultic activity at Kiriath-Jearim in the 8th and 7th centuries BC, well after the ark was supposedly removed from there to Jerusalem. In particular, archaeologists found a large elevated podium, associated with the Northern Kingdom and not the Southern Kingdom, which may accept been a shrine.[ citation needed ] Thomas Römer suggests that this may bespeak that the ark was not moved to Jerusalem until much later, peradventure during the reign of Male monarch Josiah. He notes that this might explain why the ark featured prominently in the history before Solomon, but not later. Additionally, 2 Chronicles 35:3[84] indicates that it was moved during King Josiah'southward reign.[85]

Some scholars believe the story of the Ark was written independently around the 8th century in a text referred to as the "Ark Narrative" and then incorporated into the main biblical narrative just before the Babylonian exile.[86]

Römer also suggests that the ark may have originally carried sacred stones "of the kind constitute in the chests of pre-Islamic Bedouins" and speculates that these may have been either a statue of Yahweh or a pair of statues depicting both Yahweh and his companion goddess Asherah.[87] In dissimilarity, Scott Noegel has argued that the parallels between the ark and these practices "remain unconvincing" in function because the Bedouin objects lack the ark's distinctive construction, function, and mode of transportation. Specifically, different the ark, the Bedouin chests "contained no box, no lid, and no poles," they did non serve as the throne or footstool of a god, they were not overlaid with aureate, did not have kerubim figures upon them, at that place were no restrictions on who could touch them, and they were transported on horses or camels. Noegel suggests that the ancient Egyptian bawl is a more than plausible model for the Israelite ark, since Egyptian barks had all the features just mentioned. Noegel adds that the Egyptians also were known to place written covenants beneath the feet of statues, proving a further parallel to the placement of the covenental tablets inside the ark.[88]

References in Abrahamic religions [edit]

Tanakh [edit]

The Ark is first mentioned in the Volume of Exodus and then numerous times in Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, I Samuel, Ii Samuel, I Kings, I Chronicles, II Chronicles, Psalms, and Jeremiah.

In the Book of Jeremiah, it is referenced by Jeremiah, who, speaking in the days of Josiah,[89] prophesied a hereafter time, perchance the end of days, when the Ark will no longer be talked about or be made use of again:

And it shall be that when yous multiply and become fruitful in the land, in those days—the word of the LORD—they will no longer say, 'The Ark of the Covenant of the LORD' and it volition not come to mind; they will not mention it, and will non recall it, and information technology will non be used whatsoever more than.

Rashi comments on this verse that "The entire people will be and then imbued with the spirit of sanctity that God's Presence will rest upon them collectively, every bit if the congregation itself was the Ark of the Covenant."[xc]

Second Book of Maccabees [edit]

According to Second Maccabees, at the beginning of chapter 2:[91]

The records bear witness that it was the prophet Jeremiah who ... prompted by a divine message ... gave orders that the Tent of Meeting and the ark should go with him. Then he went away to the mountain from the top of which Moses saw God's promised country. When he reached the mountain, Jeremiah institute a cave-habitation; he carried the tent, the ark, and the incense-altar into it, and so blocked up the entrance. Some of his companions came to mark out the style, but were unable to observe information technology. When Jeremiah learnt of this he reprimanded them. "The identify shall remain unknown", he said, "until God finally gathers his people together and shows mercy to them. The Lord will bring these things to light once again, and the glory of the Lord will appear with the cloud, equally it was seen both in the time of Moses and when Solomon prayed that the shrine might be worthily consecrated."

The "mount from the superlative of which Moses saw God's promised country" would exist Mountain Nebo, located in what is now Hashemite kingdom of jordan.

New Testament [edit]

In the New Testament, the Ark is mentioned in the Letter of the alphabet to the Hebrews and the Revelation to St. John. Hebrews 9:4 states that the Ark contained "the golden pot that had manna, and Aaron's rod that budded, and the tablets of the covenant."[92] Revelation 11:19 says the prophet saw God's temple in sky opened, "and the ark of his covenant was seen within his temple."[93]

The contents of the ark are seen past theologians such as the Church Fathers and Thomas Aquinas as personified by Jesus Christ: the manna as the Holy Eucharist; Aaron'southward rod as Jesus' eternal priestly authority; and the tablets of the Constabulary, every bit the Lawgiver himself.[94] [95]

Cosmic scholars connect this verse with the Adult female of the Apocalypse in Revelation 12:one, which immediately follows, and say that the Blessed Virgin Mary is identified as the "Ark of the New Covenant."[96] [97] Carrying the saviour of flesh within her, she herself became the Holy of Holies. This is the interpretation given in the 3rd century by Gregory Thaumaturgus, and in the 4th century by Saint Ambrose, Saint Ephraem of Syria and Saint Augustine.[98] The Catholic Church teaches this in the Catechism of the Catholic Church: "Mary, in whom the Lord himself has merely made his dwelling, is the daughter of Zion in person, the Ark of the Covenant, the place where the glory of the Lord dwells. She is 'the dwelling of God . . . with men."[99]

In the Gospel of Luke, the author's accounts of the Annunciation and Visitation are constructed using eight points of literary parallelism to compare Mary to the Ark.[96] [100]

Saint Athanasius, the bishop of Alexandria, is credited with writing about the connections between the Ark and the Virgin Mary: "O noble Virgin, truly yous are greater than whatever other greatness. For who is your equal in greatness, O dwelling identify of God the Word? To whom amid all creatures shall I compare y'all, O Virgin? You are greater than them all O (Ark of the) Covenant, clothed with purity instead of gold! You are the Ark in which is found the gilt vessel containing the true manna, that is, the flesh in which Divinity resides" (Homily of the Papyrus of Turin).[96]

The Ark in Islamic sources [edit]

Chapter 2 (Sura 2) of the Quran (Poesy 248), is believed to refer to the Ark:

And their prophet said to them, "Indeed, a sign of his kingship is that the chest ( 'tābūt' ) will come to you in which is assurance ( 'sakīnatun' ) from your Lord and a remnant of what the family of Moses ( 'Mūsā' ) and the family unit of Aaron ( 'Hārūn' ) had left, carried by the angels. Indeed in that is a sign for y'all, if yous are believers."[101] [102]

The Arabic word sakīna (variously translated "peace of reassurance" or "spirit of tranquillity") is related to the post-Biblical Hebrew shekhinah , meaning "home or presence of God".

The Islamic scholar Al Baidawi mentioned that the sakina could exist Tawrat, the Books of Moses.[103] Co-ordinate to Al-Jalalan , the relics in the Ark were the fragments of the two tablets, rods, robes, shoes, mitre of Moses and the vase of manna.[103] Al-Tha'alibi , in Qisas Al-Anbiya (The Stories of the Prophets), has given an earlier and later history of the Ark.

Co-ordinate to Uri Rubin, the Ark of the Covenant has a religious ground in Islam, which gives information technology special significance.[104]

Whereabouts [edit]

Since its disappearance from the Biblical narrative, at that place have been a number of claims of having discovered or of having possession of the Ark, and several possible places have been suggested for its location.

Maccabees [edit]

2 Maccabees 2:4-10, written around 100 BC, says that the prophet Jeremiah, "being warned by God" before the Babylonian invasion, took the Ark, the Tabernacle, and the Altar of Incense, and buried them in a cavern, informing those of his followers who wished to find the place that information technology should remain unknown "until the fourth dimension that God should get together His people again together, and receive them unto mercy."[105]

Ethiopia [edit]

The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church claims to possess the Ark of the Covenant in Axum. The Ark is currently kept nether guard in a treasury near the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion. Replicas of the tablets within the Ark, or Tabots, are kept in every Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, and kept in its own holy of holies, each with its own dedication to a detail saint; the near popular of these include Saint Mary, Saint George and Saint Michael.[106] [107]

The Kebra Nagast is often said to have been composed to legitimise the Solomonic dynasty, which ruled the Ethiopian Empire post-obit its establishment in 1270, but this is not the example. It was originally equanimous in another linguistic communication (Coptic or Greek), then translated into Standard arabic, and translated into Ge'ez in 1321.[108] Information technology narrates how the real Ark of the Covenant was brought to Federal democratic republic of ethiopia past Menelik I with divine assistance, while a forgery was left in the Temple in Jerusalem. Although the Kebra Nagast is the best-known account of this belief, it predates the document. Abu al-Makarim, writing in the concluding quarter of the twelfth century, makes one early on reference to this belief that they possessed the Ark. "The Abyssinians possess also the Ark of the Covenant", he wrote, and, after a clarification of the object, describes how the liturgy is celebrated upon the Ark four times a year, "on the banquet of the swell nativity, on the feast of the glorious Baptism, on the banquet of the holy Resurrection, and on the banquet of the illuminating Cross."[109]

In his controversial and much attacked 1992 book The Sign and the Seal, British writer Graham Hancock reports on the Ethiopian conventionalities that the ark spent several years in Egypt before it came to Ethiopia via the Nile River, where information technology was kept in the islands of Lake Tana for about four hundred years and finally taken to Axum.[110] (Archaeologist John Holladay of the Academy of Toronto chosen Hancock's theory "garbage and hogwash"; Edward Ullendorff, a erstwhile Professor of Ethiopian Studies at the University of London, said he "wasted a lot of time reading information technology.") In a 1992 interview, Ullendorff says that he personally examined the ark held within the church in Axum in 1941 while a British Regular army officer. Describing the ark there, he says, "They have a wooden box, but information technology's empty. Center- to late-medieval construction, when these were fabricated ad hoc."[111] [112]

On 25 June 2009, the patriarch of the Orthodox Church building of Federal democratic republic of ethiopia, Abune Paulos, said he would announce to the world the next mean solar day the unveiling of the Ark of the Covenant, which he said had been kept safe and secure in a church building in Axum, Ethiopia.[113] The following day, on 26 June 2009, the patriarch announced that he would not unveil the Ark afterward all, only that instead he could attest to its current status.[114]

Southern Africa [edit]

The Lemba people of South Africa and Zimbabwe have claimed that their ancestors carried the Ark south, calling it the ngoma lungundu or "voice of God", eventually hiding it in a deep cave in the Dumghe mountains, their spiritual home.[115] [116]

On xiv April 2008, in a Great britain Channel 4 documentary, Tudor Parfitt, taking a literalist approach to the Biblical story, described his inquiry into this merits. He says that the object described by the Lemba has attributes similar to the Ark. It was of like size, was carried on poles past priests, was not immune to impact the ground, was revered every bit a vocalization of their God, and was used equally a weapon of smashing power, sweeping enemies aside.[117]

In his book The Lost Ark of the Covenant (2008), Parfitt likewise suggests that the Ark was taken to Arabia following the events depicted in the Second Book of Maccabees, and cites Standard arabic sources which maintain it was brought in distant times to Yemen. Genetic Y-Deoxyribonucleic acid analyses in the 2000s have established a partially Middle-Eastern origin for a portion of the male Lemba population just no specific Jewish connection.[118] Lemba tradition maintains that the Ark spent some time in a place called Sena, which might be Sena in Yemen. Afterwards, it was taken across the bounding main to Eastward Africa and may have been taken inland at the time of the Great Zimbabwe civilization. According to their oral traditions, some time after the arrival of the Lemba with the Ark, it self-destructed. Using a core from the original, the Lemba priests constructed a new i. This replica was discovered in a cave by a Swedish High german missionary named Harald von Sicard in the 1940s and eventually constitute its mode to the Museum of Homo Science in Harare.[116]

Europe [edit]

Chartres Cathedral, French republic [edit]

French writer Louis Charpentier claimed in his 1966 book Les Mystères de la Cathédrale de Chartres that the Ark was taken to the Chartres Cathedral past the Knights Templar.[119] [120]

Rennes-le-Château, so to the United States [edit]

One author has theorised that the Ark was taken from Jerusalem to the village of Rennes-le-Château in Southern France. Karen Ralls has cited Freemason Patrick Byrne, who believes the Ark was moved from Rennes-le-Château at the outbreak of Globe War I to the United States.[121]

Rome [edit]

The Ark of the Covenant was said to accept been kept in the Basilica of St. John Lateran, surviving the pillages of Rome past Alaric I and Gaiseric but lost when the basilica burned.[122] [123]

"Rabbi Eliezer ben José stated that he saw in Rome the mercy-seat of the temple. There was a bloodstain on information technology. On research he was told that it was a stain from the blood which the high priest sprinkled thereon on the Mean solar day of Atonement."[124]

Ireland [edit]

At the turn of the 20th century, British Israelites carried out some excavations of the Colina of Tara in Republic of ireland looking for the Ark of the Covenant. The Royal Lodge of Antiquaries of Ireland (RSAI) campaigned successfully to have them stopped earlier they destroyed the hill.[125]

In pop civilization [edit]

Philip Kaufman conceived of the Ark of the Covenant as the main plot device of Steven Spielberg'due south 1981 adventure film Raiders of the Lost Ark,[126] [127] where it is found by Indiana Jones in the Egyptian city of Tanis in 1936.[128] [b] In early on 2020, a prop version made for the moving-picture show (which does non actually appear onscreen) was featured on Antiques Roadshow.[129]

In the Danish family movie The Lost Treasure of the Knights Templar from 2006, the chief part of the treasure found in the end is the Ark of the Covenant. The power of the Ark comes from static electricity stored in separated metal plates similar a giant Leyden jar.[130]

In Harry Turtledove's novel Alpha and Omega (2019) the ark is found by archeologists, and the characters have to bargain with the proven being of God.[131]

Yom HaAliyah [edit]

Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day) (Hebrew: יום העלייה) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of the Hebrew calendar month of Nisan to commemorate the Israelites crossing the Jordan River into the Country of Israel while conveying the Ark of the Covenant.[132] [133]

See also [edit]

  • Copper Gyre
  • List of artifacts in biblical archæology
  • The Exodus Decoded (goggle box documentary)
  • History of ancient Israel and Judah
  • Jewish symbolism
  • Mikoshi, a portable Shinto shrine
  • Gihon Spring
  • Josephus
  • Mount Gerizim
  • Pool of Siloam
  • Samaritans
  • Siloam Tunnel
  • Solomon's Temple

References [edit]

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Bethel" is translated equally "the House of God" in the Rex James Version.
  2. ^ The Ark is mentioned in Indiana Jones and the Last Cause (1989) and briefly appears in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008).

Citations

  1. ^ "Bible Gateway passage: 1 Chronicles 16-18 - New Living Translation". Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2019-06-02 .
  2. ^ "Bible Gateway passage: 1 Samuel 3:iii - New International Version". Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2019-06-02 .
  3. ^ Ackerman, Susan (2000). "Ark of the Covenant". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Lexicon of the Bible. Eerdmans. p. 102. ISBN9789053565032.
  4. ^ Joshua three:four
  5. ^ Exodus 25:22
  6. ^ Exodus nineteen:xx
  7. ^ Exodus 24:xviii
  8. ^ Exodus 25:ten
  9. ^ Exodus 25:10
  10. ^ Exodus 31
  11. ^ Sigurd Grindheim, Introducing Biblical Theology, Bloomsbury Publishing, UK, 2013, p. 59
  12. ^ Joseph Ponessa, Laurie Watson Manhardt, Moses and The Torah: Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, pages 85-86 (Emmaus Road Publishing, 2007). ISBN 978-1-931018-45-6
  13. ^ Exodus 25
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Further reading [edit]

  • Carew, Mairead, Tara and the Ark of the Covenant: A Search for the Ark of the Covenant by British Israelites on the Colina of Tara, 1899-1902. Majestic Irish Academy, 2003. ISBN 0-9543855-two-7
  • Cline, Eric H. (2007), From Eden to Exile: Unravelling Mysteries of the Bible, National Geographic Society, ISBN 978-1-4262-0084-7
  • Fisher, Milton C., The Ark of the Covenant: Alive and Well in Ethiopia?. Bible and Spade viii/three, pp. 65–72, 1995.
  • Foster, Charles, Tracking the Ark of the Covenant. Monarch, 2007.
  • Grierson, Roderick & Munro-Hay, Stuart, The Ark of the Covenant. Orion Books Ltd, 2000. ISBN 0-7538-1010-vii
  • Hancock, Graham, The Sign and the Seal: The Quest for the Lost Ark of the Covenant. Touchstone Books, 1993. ISBN 0-671-86541-2
  • Haran, M., The Disappearance of the Ark, IEJ 13 (1963), 46-58
  • Hertz, J.H., The Pentateuch and Haftoras. Deuteronomy. Oxford University Press, 1936.
  • Hubbard, David (1956) The Literary Sources of the Kebra Nagast Ph.D. dissertation, St. Andrews University, Scotland
  • Munro-Hay, Stuart, The Quest For The Ark of The Covenant: The True History of The Tablets of Moses. L. B. Tauris & Co Ltd., 2006. ISBN ane-84511-248-two
  • Ritmeyer, L., The Ark of the Covenant: Where It Stood in Solomon's Temple. Biblical Archaeology Review 22/one: 46–55, 70–73, 1996.
  • Stolz, Fritz. "Ark of the Covenant." In The Encyclopedia of Christianity, edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, 125. Vol. one. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999. ISBN 0802824137

External links [edit]

  • Portions of this article have been taken from the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1906. Ark of the Covenant
  • The Catholic Encyclopedia, Book I. Ark of the Covenant
  • Smithsonian.com "Keepers of the Lost Ark?"'.
  • Shyovitz, David, The Lost Ark of the Covenant. Jewish Virtual Library.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant

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